Challenges Women Went Through Economically, Socially, And Politically During The US Reconstruction Era

Challenges Women Went Through Economically, Socially, And Politically During The US Reconstruction Era Throughout the Reconstruction era, the lives of women in the North and South progressed economically, politically, and socially. Women were becoming part of the emerging consumer culture while becoming more active in a political sector. Given how the ideal of â€Å"true womanhood† began losing its eminence in U.S. society, the New Woman began gaining popularity with their higher levels of education, leisure time, working for a wage, and participating in politics. With women gaining personal freedoms, restrictions were still placed upon them to look and act a certain way amongst through the previous model of true womanhood, though its representation varied given the woman’s race and social standing. During the 1860s and the nineteen-teens, new opportunities for higher education were available. However, those who benefitted from it most exclusively were wealthy white women. With their higher education, women were able to have better opportunities for jobs not believed to be fitting for women: administration, clerical, law, and political positions (Dubois and Dumenil 302, 327). Wealthier women also were able to run their own settlement homes; one such woman was Jane Addams. African-American women could become shopkeepers and teachers, but complicating their new freedom was the establishment of Jim Crow laws and public lynchings under often false charges. In Ida B. Wells’ autobiography, Crusade for Justice, she described the lynching of friend, Thomas Moss, as â€Å"an excuse to get rid of Nergoes who were aquiring wealth and property†¦keep the race terrorized.† Her testimony, as well as her involement of further investigating the charges brought on by lynching victims, led to her being driven out of Memphis in 1892 (Dubois and Dumenil 314, 316). Sadly, working- and lower-class women were not offered the same opportunities for further advancement in U.S. society. They were sequestered in factory jobs and their stays in settlement homes only provided temporary relief in their situations, though their way of life was respected (Dubois and Dumenil 368-9). In contrast to immigrant women’s education, the education young Native girls received in government-run boarding schools was designed to assimilate them in the dominant American culture given how American felt there was a need for non-Americans to become civilized. For the Native girls, it meant settling into domesticity and receiving harsh punishments—whippings or being tied up—if they â€Å"reverted back to their Indian ways† or tried escaping (Dubois and Dumenil 349). To receive funding, Indian boarding schools would present pictures of Native girls before and after their â€Å"Americanization.† A pair of photos taken of three young Native girls before and after their assimilation shows their hair being cut, dressed in American clothing, and sitting at a table. The only commonality is the look of sorrow on their faces. Given their low status, it was rare for Native children to progress in society when very few achieved basic English literary skills. With women having more free time for leisure, there was an expectation of women to be seen as presentable and beautiful when outside of the home. Cosmetics, previously worn by prostitutes, were sold and presented to women as something to cover their flaws, attract future husbands with, set themselves apart from other women, and to set the standards of beauty for other women especially young girls. Further boosting the sale of cosmetics and formation of salons was the monitoring of a woman’s appearance by men and other women, advertisements, the private selling of makeup door to door, and cosmetics expanding to be sold in local drug stores (Peiss 373-4, 378). Wearing makeup and keeping up appearances was an indication of a woman’s wealth and how highly she valued herself. If a woman of lower class was seen without makeup in the public sector, she was deemed as inferior as opposed to middle and working-class women who bought makeup and would wear it while working. Durin g the Progressive era, wealthy women outside the home had the freedom to become philanthropists and activists. One of the most prosperous philanthropists was Madam C.J. Walker, the daughter of slave parents, who acquired wealth and status in the cosmetics industry aimed for African-American women (Dubois and Dumenil 421). The growth of women wage earners increased during the Progressive Era. By 1920, twenty percent of the workforce was female with over half of the labor consisting of immigrant and/or non-white women. After the Civil War, the profession of nursing was no longer seen as a â€Å"domestic service†. Even the profession of teaching evolved to where women could be professors. Despite segregation being enforced in the North and South, black women were able to form their own schools in local communities to educate young children during the professionalization (Dubois and Dumenil 408-9). Despite these changes, women were still expected to become mothers and put aside their professional carriers while the children were young. Immigrant women, wives and daughters, were expected to become wage earners while trying to maintain old world customs. Their way of earning money was through domestic housework for the more leisured White upper-class women. Given the surge in immigration, many live d in cramped and poorly kempt rooms. A photo taken by Jacob Riis for the New York Tribune shows five women staying possibly temporarily in a police station with clothes drying and their only means of furniture and heating is a stove. Riis’s photo reveals the extent of homelessness, collapse of a working-class family, and why many immigrant women and why immigrant women felt the need to contribute a wage for their families (Dubois and Dumenil 392). With more women working outside of the home, women began to voice their opinions more publicly and politically. The newest wave of the suffragist movement gave middle-class women voices in political settings while drawing attention from the wealthy and working-class women. However, the funding for marches and attention came from the wealthy women’s husbands. During what would be the Women’s Era, women’s organizations such as Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) granted women voices in politics through demands of fair wages, the establishment of a maximum workweek, and ending child labor (Dubois and Dumenil 286, 309-10). In addition, their alliance would bring more attention to women’s suffrage, especially with an endorsement from Susan B. Anthony and a shift to have women’s votes be amended. Some immigrant women joined the women’s movements under the promise of gaining fre edom for themselves, and possibly for their daughters (Dubois and Dumenil 363). Yet no black woman was invited to attend women’s movements and organizations, nor was there Native American women involved in women’s organizations known to have occurred. African-American women had their own organizations, but they were segregated from movements founded by white women. The change of the American women’s role in life began in the middle of the nineteenth century and continued into the first decades of the twentieth. During that time, women had gained more influence and prominence politically and socially (Dubois and Dumenil 441). However, women were still expected to achieve the goal of motherhood. What differed was now they had the greater possibility of working outside of the home while being a mother or not becoming a mother at all. With vast amounts of freedom, women challenged social expectations while still being expected to maintain a form of decorum and femininity. In the long run, the degree of freedom women had was evident in comparison to the early nineteenth century, but their independence was reliant on their class and race. More opportunities and means of social advancements were available to the privileged and leisured classes, but non-white women were limited in job prospects and faced segregation, discrimination, and violen ce. In spite of everything, improvements women made paved the way for a new era of women’s rights and liberties.

Collage of Echoes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Collage of Echoes - Essay Example A literal interpretation of the poem could simply detail a human experience, whereas an analytical level of interpretation could provide a better justification of the poet’s ideas. In Collage of Echoes, the gender and identity of the persona are not specified, thus for ease of interpretation, one may assume to use the author’s gender. The persona in the poem is doing a self-talk or reflection. In the opening lines, she tells herself, â€Å"I have no promises to keep/Nor miles to go before I sleep† (1-2). These lines reveal that the persona has no obligations to accomplish, and no places to visit. Pleased with this thought, she expresses her intention to sleep or relax. Based on this, readers may think of the persona as a busy person, possibly an adult engaged in business, who, at the end of the day tells herself that she can sleep after she has accomplished her responsibilities. However, the repetition of the phrase, â€Å"no promises to keep† (7) could ma ke the reader realize that a literal interpretation of the poem is not enough to deduce the author’s ideas, hence, a deeper level of analysis is needed. An analytical interpretation of the poem requires deducing of meaning based on the author’s use of literary devices.

Email writing regarding whether or not to join the organization Essay

Email writing regarding whether or not to join the organization regarding Nikes Honduran situation - Essay Example hink that once Nike heard about the conditions of the workers at each of these factories that they should have pulled their contracts from these factories and looked for other places to fulfill their orders without violating the rights of their workers. Furthermore, I do believe that Nike changed their stance when Universities in the United States started to pull licensing contracts from Nike and the potential of losing money became a factor. There really is no way to know for certain whether or not the students, universities, and workers ever received all the information. But after reading a few articles, in my opinion, it looks as a whole no body ever had all the facts. What facts they do have seem to be coming just from the two workers touring the country with the reasoning behind why the two factories closed rather than resolve the situation. And whether or not students should be activists, I do believe that students should try to do something. I do believe that companies should pay attention to them. But at the same time, companies should also have ways to disclose information to their main offices from their factories as to determine whether or not their standards and practices are being followed. I hope my opinions help you on making a decision whether or not we should be involved with USAS. If you have any further questions, you can reach me by phone at 123-456-7890 or by e-mail at 123456789@email.com Yoshikane, Akito. "Honduran Workers Speak Out Against Nikes Labor Violations." In These Times. n.p., April 21, 2009. Web. 26 Sep 2011.

Tortilla Curtain :: Tortilla Curtain Immigration Literature Essays

Tortilla Curtain The chapter starts with Delaney hitting an unidentified man on the highway while going through Topanga Canyon. Delaney hits Candido, one of the other main characters in the play. After Delaney hits him with his car, he then immediately asks himself if his car is all right. He gets over that, and realizes that he just hit a human being. The next paragraph is Delaney searching for the body and yelling "hello." He finally can hear some grimacing that comes from some nearby bushes. He finds Candido there, with blood coming from the Mexican's mouth and his face covered by raw flesh. His upper arm had dirt and pieces of leaves sticking to the blood. He was carrying a bag of tortillas, a grocery bag that was torn with small slivers of plastic through the glass. Delaney tried to speak to him in French and Candido couldn't understand. Finally the conversation ends and Delaney gives him $20 and leaves. He drives to the Acura dealership and tells the dealer that he ran over a dog or a coyote. D elaney then calls his wife from the dealership and his wife tells him to call Jack, a friend, lawyer, and adviser, to ask him what could happen to him if the Mexican filed suit. The chapter ends with Delaney saying he gave Candido $20 and then Kyra his wife asks why only $20. Delaney replies he was only Mexican. Chapter 2: The chapter begins with the introduction of Candido a new immigrant to the U.S. waking up at his "bed" near the river of a canyon. He is hurt from a "gabacho" or a white man that hit him the day before. He threw up instantly and tried to walk down to the creek to where he fell twice. Then America is introduce, she is Candido's wife. She is on the way back from a job interview that never materialized. Then she sees a man lying on the middle of the path to which leads to her camp. The man turns out to be Candido he is sleeping in the middle of the path. She walks him back to camp and she realizes all the scrapes, bumps, bruises, and cuts on his body. The narration skips to Candido where he is in bed back at camp. His pain is progressively getting worse. America offers him a drink he declines then America says he needs a doctor.

Kiswana Browne Essay

â€Å"She stared at the woman she had been and was to become.† — Kiswana Browne Mother-daughter relationships are complex and diverse. Some mothers and daughters are best friends, and others talk once a week. Some see each other weekly while others live in different cities or states. Kiswana Browne and her mother have a relationship like other mothers and daughters. She only wants the best for her daughter. They may fuss and they may argue, but they are more alike than they realize. Kiswana Browne, whose real name is Melanie, was born and raised in an affluent black suburb called Linden Hills. Like most people that graduate from high school, Kiswana went on to college to further her education. While in college, Kiswana was discovering her blackness and protesting for equality amongst black people. She changed her name and tried to wear an Afro, but her hair was so thin and fine-textured. She had to use lacquer so it would not lay flat. But before she had the chance to graduate from college, she dropped out and decided to move to Brewster Place to live with her p eople. Kiswana’s mother unexpectedly came to visit her at her new place. Kiswana is still afraid of her mother despite the fact that she has left her house and rejected her parents’ way of life. This is shown when she says, â€Å"Oh, God, it’s Mama!† She still feels the guilt that all the kids have when they do something against their parents will. Kiswana and he mother was not seeing eye-to-eye. Her mother did not want her to live in the poor community, but Kiswana has her mind set on being there with her people. She picks to live in a poor area of town, because she is trying to retaliate from the oppressions of the government and her families’ standards. In the beginning of the story, she sees her mother as distant and different. She believes that her mother is a sell out to her African heritage. Her mother assures her that she and Kiswana’s father are as concerned about the poor as much as she is. She also explains that they do not have t o live in Brewster Place to prove themselves to anyone. She cautions Kiswana that the long-awaited revolution will not materialize because society has moved to another phase. Instead, she suggests Kiswana to work within the system by becoming an assemblywoman or a civil liberties lawyer or by opening a freedom school in the neighborhood. She provides Kiswana with various ways of using her talents instead of allowing them to waste away in dead-end jobs. As Kiswana and her mother continue to argue about her new life in the poor area of town, it confirms all of Kiswana’s expectations of her mother’s disapproval. When her mother tells her she lives in a world of fantasy, Kiswana says that she is proud of her heritage and accuses her mother of being â€Å"a white man’s nigger who’s ashamed of being black†. Her mother then became angry with Kiswana and started to tell her about her family history. Yet after her mother explains her beliefs and concerns about her family, Kiswana begins to see the similarities between herself and her mother. After Mrs. Browne gave Kiswana a lesson about her family, she took off her shoe because they were hurting her feet. Bright red nail polish glared at Kiswana through the stockings. Her mother never really wore nail polish, but her husband talked her into. In the beginning of the story, Kiswana talked about how her friend was a foot man and how often she changed the color of her polish. Kiswana then thought, â€Å"I’ll be damned the young woman thought, feeling her whole face tingle. Daddy’s into feet! And she looked at the blushing woman on her couch and suddenly realized that her mother had trod through the same universe that she herself was now traveling. Kiswana was breaking no new trails and would eventually end up just two feet away on that couch. She stared at the woman she had been and was to become.† She learns that she is more like her mother than she ever imagined. Mothers and daughters go through situations similar to this a lot. The child thinks that they know everything, and things are to be done their way. They are not always right. Some individuals think that their parents are always against them and that they do not care about what they are doing in their life, but most of the time they are wrong. Some individuals also think that their parents have not gone through the things that they are going through, but some parents do. There is a saying â€Å"The apple does not fall far from the tree† and â€Å"L ike Mother, Like Daughter.† More than likely, you will act somewhat like your mother or father; you may also go through things that they went through. You never know.

Police Officers And The Police Officer - 2607 Words

Blake Burton Comp II 11/16/2014 In 2002 alone, large state and local law enforcement agencies, those with 100 or more officers, received more than 26,000 citizen complaints about officers’ use of force. Among those complaints only eight percent had sufficient evidence of the allegation to justify disciplinary action against the subject officer (U.S. Department of Justice). These incidents occur frequently but what truly happens is never very clear. Witness reports don’t hold up with evidence, the victim has their recollection of what happened and the police officer has another. There is no concrete way to hold police accountable for their actions unless there is hard evidence to prove them guilty. This allows officers to use excessive force and not face any penalization from their department or in court. On Saturday, August 9, 2014 an unarmed 18-year-old male, Michael Brown, was fatally shot by Darren Wilson, a Ferguson police officer. There were a handful of witnesses but no concrete evidence on what happened. The police officer, Darren Wilson, claims Brown pinned him in his vehicle and was in fear for his life as they struggled over his gun. Wilson has told authorities that during the scuffle, Brown reached for the gun. He goes on to say the gun went off twice in the car, one hitting Brown while the other missed. Multiple forensics test show that Brown’s blood was on the gun, on Officer Wilson’s uniform as well as the interior door panel which supports Officer Wilson’sShow MoreRelatedPolice Officers And The Police Officer1381 Words   |  6 Pageswhite, and blue in America represents freedom. When a police officer approaches a civilian in today’s times, those colors mean the absolute worst. With recent police mischief including shootings, red, white, and blue could mean absolute panic. Americans today feel as if there is a war with police officers. The most common question civilians have, why are innocent people being killed by police officers? The civic responsibility of a police officer is to serve and protect citizens while upholding theRead MorePolice Officers And The Police Officer2134 Words   |  9 Pagesmind when we think of â€Å"Police Officers.† In elementary school, the most common question students would be asked was â€Å"what do you want to be when you grow up,† and the most common response would be in return, â€Å"a police officer.† Sadly now, most are rethinking this occupational choice. The authority that most cops these days believe they have is over the top; they think that they can take advantage of everything and everybody simply by the power of their badge. Police officers need to have more disciplineRead MorePolice Officers And Police Officer1904 Words   |  8 Pagesthat police officers are using an excess of force, and in some occasions, lethal force in their daily routine. It is now normal for people to get scared when they are in the presence of a police officer. It is no t a coincidence because these police officer have created their own reputation. Recent incidents involving police officers shooting innocent people are raising doubts about how police officers are trained, and the credibility in the Unites States Justice System. Ginger Otis in Police StillRead MorePolice Officers And Police Enforcement Officers Essay1450 Words   |  6 Pagesenforcement officers are authorized to use different forces based on its situation. Officers face many circumstances during the period of their job when use of force is necessary. For example, making arrests, restraining unruled combatants, and while controlling disruptive situations. Incidents involving the use of excessive force by the police frequently receive media attentions, legislators and sometimes even criminal courts. To serve better for a community or country a small percentage of police interactionsRead MorePolice Officer As A Officer2024 Words   |  9 PagesWithin all police departments in the Un ited States there is police rank. Which is a ranking of officers in command from either highest to lowest or lowest to highest. The ranking starts with the Chief of Police than the Deputy Chief, Captain, Lieutenant, Sergeant, Detective, and lastly your regular officer. The Chief of Police is in charge of the department and everyone below him or her. The person in command right above officers is usually a sergeant or lieutenant and this is the officers direct bossRead MoreA Police Officer1329 Words   |  6 Pageswill be HB474. This is a bill that requires officers to wear body cameras while preforming their job with the public (Reynolds). I will be informing you on the positive and negative sides of the bill. I will give you my opinion on this bill and why I chose it. I will also inform you on who introduced it and a partial background. Finally I will inform you if the bill passed and became a law or not. In recent years, there has been a huge movement with police brutality. There has also been a movementRead MorePolice Enforcement And Police Officers Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pages An integral training of today’s police officers duties is the physical skill of the application of use of force. This is needed skill requirement to detain and arrest a person who has committed a crime and resisting. Police officers must be trained to use force properly when the skill is required on a subject who is resisting police officers efforts to place them under arrest. This skill has the potential for the officer to exceed the needed amount of force to place them under arrest that can leadRead MorePolice Officers And The Police Vehicles1429 Words   |  6 Pagesthat police officers use, and it is on the police vehicles. They take pride to serve our community, take pride to protect our community, and take pride of wearing the badge on their uniforms. Our community wouldn’t be the same if we didn’t have the protection from them; if so there will be some disasters like some today. But yet, they get accused, getting name, and getting threaten for the things that happen consequently. When I was growing up, I hear all these sayings that â€Å"police officers are bad†Read MorePolice Officers And The Police Force1310 Words   |  6 Pagesquote is the extent of our knowledge as an outsider to the Greensboro Police force. I was able to get an inside look at what really happens in a day in the life of an everyday police officer. I spent two days at the department observing the officers and riding alongside one in the police car. Throughout my experience I learned that most of the stereotypes I had about police officers were completely wrong. One of the first officers I talked to was Corporal Donaldson, who is also my father. I asked himRead MorePolice Enforcement And Police Officers1438 Words   |  6 Pageswidely known that police officers are given a substantial amount of latitude concerning vehicular searches while on patrol. Many officers make it a habit to ask citizens they pull over if it s okay to search their cars, while others will only ask if they have reason to believe that a suspect is hiding something. Either way, what should you do if the police search your car without your permission, and without first obtaining a search warrant? Most people know that police officers need one of three

Ethical Climate Free Essay Example, 1000 words

As a result, there may be maximum utilization of each others time, skill, and energy in helping an institution develop. Additionally, in the context of caring, ethical climates, they provide a basis to show concern and care for others. They help each member of an organization to learn to live with each other thereby promoting togetherness. In addition to the above, there are other issues that may affect ones decision-making in an organization. It is argued that the different classes of climates such as ethical egotism have elements of decision-making that is based on personal interests and self-centeredness (Griffin, & O’Leary-Kelly, 2004). Here, one may make a decision that would either benefit him alone or benefit those that are in his clique. As such it is evident that this is a clear indication of biases in organization thus limiting ones decisions to those that reason with him instead of making decisions that benefit the members in the entire organization. Also, ethical climates such as those embraced by the members belonging to law and order category may be blinded by the legal provisions in making decisions that may be morally unacceptable despite being legalized. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Climate or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Such biased nature of the procedural rules may make a decision-maker ignore what the employees may naturally need just because the laws and rules do not allow (Griffin, & O’Leary-Kelly, 2004). In the same case, those belonging to the instrumental organizations may, in a similar manner as those in the care ethical organizations, favor each of the members of their respective groups. The preceding implies that every employee or member of an organization is prone to making a decision based on where they belong to a group. Ethical issues arise in at least every company on a daily basis if not occasionally. It has for a long time now been commonplace to see workers fighting for favorable working conditions, transparency in many employment matters and the violation of their rights as employees among other issues. In many cases, there has been competing interests that made decision making in such companies a hard task. For instance, concerning fair working conditions, there may be a dispute between the employees and the employers based on the fact that the workers demand better working conditions and the company probably cannot live to that. In such circumstances, you may find it difficult to address the rights of one party and leave the other party’s issues unattended to (Griffin, & O’Leary-Kelly, 2004).